What are objects called that allow charge to flow at a reduced rate, converting some energy into heat or light?

The correct answer is that objects allowing charge to flow at a reduced rate, converting some energy into heat or light, are called resistors. Resistors are essential components in electrical circuits used to control the flow of electric current. When current passes through a resistor, some of the electrical energy is transformed into thermal energy due to the collisions of charge carriers (like electrons) with the atoms in the resistor material. This conversion results in the generation of heat, which can also be observed as light in certain types of resistors, such as incandescent light bulbs.

Resistors are characterized by their resistance value, measured in ohms, which determines how much they impede current flow. This property is utilized in various applications, such as voltage dividers, signal attenuation, and current limiting. Overall, resistors play a crucial role in ensuring circuits operate within designed parameters by managing the flow of electricity effectively.