What happens to current in a short circuit?

In a short circuit, the current flows freely with little resistance due to the direct connection between the power source and the grounding or neutral point. This situation allows for a very low-resistance path, meaning that the electrical current can increase dramatically. The primary characteristic of a short circuit is that it bypasses the normal load (like appliances or lights) typically found in a circuit, leading to a surge of current that can be many times greater than normal operating levels.

The physical properties of materials and components used in typical circuits create a situation where, under normal circumstances, there is some resistance. However, during a short circuit, the minimal resistance results in a substantial increase in current flow. This can lead to overheating, damage to components, or even catastrophic failure if protective measures, such as circuit breakers or fuses, do not activate to interrupt the flow.