What is referred to as the electric potential difference across a resistor or other parts of a circuit that consume power?

The term that describes the electric potential difference across a resistor or any component in a circuit that consumes power is known as a voltage drop.

When electric current flows through a resistor, it encounters resistance, which results in a drop in voltage across that component. This voltage drop signifies that electrical energy is being converted into other forms of energy, such as heat, due to the resistance. The amount of energy consumed can be directly related to this voltage drop, as it helps determine the power dissipated in the resistor based on the relationship defined by Ohm's Law (V = I × R), where V is the voltage across the resistor, I is the current through it, and R is the resistance.

Other terms in the context of electric circuits, such as current and power, while closely related, do not directly describe the electric potential difference across circuit components. Voltage, while referring to potential difference generally, lacks the specific implication of reduction in voltage due to energy consumption that the phrase 'voltage drop' captures.